"The Apology of Socrates" by Plato - The art of living only once without regret.

プラトンの「ソクラテスの弁明」は、古代ギリシャにおけるソクラテスの不当な裁判とその後の死刑判決について掘り下げています。ソクラテスは、若者を堕落させ、国家の神々を信じなかったとして不当に非難されるが、自分を弁護し、告発者たちの欺瞞と無知を明らかにします。対話を通じて知恵を追求するソクラテスは、多くの敵に囲まれ、一神教の信念と失敗した政治家とのつながりが、彼の状況を悪化させます。しかし、ソクラテスは真理と知恵を追求し続けます。

ソクラテスは、若者を堕落させ、他の神を導入したというメレトスの主張に対して、メレトスの主張の矛盾を明らかにし、少数の専門家だけがより良い結果をもたらすことができると主張することによって立ち向かいます。ソクラテスは罪を告白することも、自分のやり方を変えることも拒否し、皮肉にも有罪判決を受けたにもかかわらず、報いを受けるに値すると示唆します。魂は不滅であり、正しい生き方をすることは人生そのものよりも価値があると信じ、死刑宣告を恐れず受け入れます。ソクラテスの批判的思考と疑問のアプローチは、後世の人々に大きな影響を与え、近代科学を大きく発展させました。

Socrates confronts Meletus' allegations of corrupting the youth and introducing another god by revealing the contradictions in Meletus' claims and arguing that only a few experts can yield better results. Socrates refuses to confess guilt or change his ways, ironically suggesting he deserves a reward despite being convicted. He accepts his death sentence fearlessly, believing the soul is immortal and that living a just life holds more value than life itself. Socrates' critical thinking and questioning approach greatly impacted future generations and significantly shaped modern science.

"The Apology of Socrates" by Plato - The art of living only once without regret.

//Summary Level-C1//

In Plato's "The Apology of Socrates," Socrates faces an unfair trial for allegedly corrupting the youth and rejecting the state's gods. Despite numerous enemies and challenges, Socrates remains dedicated to truth and wisdom. He exposes Meletus' contradictions and refuses to admit guilt, even suggesting he deserves a reward. Fearlessly accepting his death sentence, Socrates believes the soul's immortality and living a just life outweigh life itself. His critical thinking and questioning approach had a lasting impact on future generations and modern science.

//Summary Level-B1//

Plato's "The Apology of Socrates" explores Socrates' unfair trial and death sentence in ancient Greece. Accused of corrupting the youth and rejecting state gods, Socrates defends himself and exposes his accusers' deceit. Despite challenges, he remains committed to truth and wisdom. Socrates confronts Meletus' claims and refuses to admit guilt, accepting his death sentence fearlessly. His critical thinking has dramatically influenced future generations and modern science.

A)

1)

- The Apology of Socrates: Understanding and Enjoying the Classics

Today, I will explain the classic "The Apology of Socrates" in an easy-to-understand and enjoyable way. You will get universal wisdom and education that you cannot get from general self-help books. Even people who are not good at classics should be able to read this work for themselves.

Socrates is a Greek philosopher. Please enjoy the deep flavour of this work, which has aged from around 400 BC to the present day.

2)

Summary of The Apology of Socrates

Socrates is unjustly tried and sentenced to death.

And Socrates defends himself against the citizens of Athens. This book is a record of his words by his student Plato.

3)

Also surprisingly little known is The Apology of Socrates, the story of Volume 2 of the story of the person called Socrates, which has Volumes 1 to 4. Both were recorded by his pupil Plato.

By the way, it's already the climactic scene from the beginning of Volume 2. So, it's hard to understand what's going on from the start. So, let's look at this work's historical background.

The four superb dialogues of Socrates

1. The Euthyphro

2. The Apology of Socrates

3. The Crito

4. The Phaedo

4)

The story is set in the 5th century BC. Athens in Greece. At that time, there were several city-states called Polis. Athens was aware of the central position of the Polis.

We often hear the word democracy on TV and in the news, but Athens was the first country in the world to adopt democracy and a democratic system.

However, a rival polis did not like Athens, which played a central role in ancient Greece. It was the city-state of Sparta.

5)

The two city-states engaged in a historic struggle called the "Peloponnesian War", which Athens lost. Then Athens became a dull and useless nation.

Let's listen to everyone's opinions and use them in the country's politics!

The fact that Athens was the first in the world to adopt such a democratic attitude was highly remarkable.

6)

However, as a result, the number of useless politicians who "only think about gaining popularity" has increased.

This useless politician was good at "the power of words".

They dominate the atmosphere with his persuasive eloquence.

Such political leaders are called "demagogues" or leading famous leaders.

7)

Amid the defeat of the great war and social chaos in Athens, such clever "demagogues" began to move politics.

So, people who wanted to be influential wanted the power of words anyway.

"I want to talk about things and dreams like this person confidently".

"Someone teach me how to talk to people, give them hope and get their support! Then, I'll pay you."

8)

They received money to meet the needs of the time, and they created a profession that teaches "rhetoric" and "natural science". These people are called "sophists".

Who is a Sophist?

Sophists, a profession in ancient Greece that taught rhetoric and natural science, meant those who were wise and claimed to be innovative.

9)

At that time, an old man dressed in shabby clothes said to the Sophist, "Hey, Young man."

"Do you want me to teach you the art of rhetoric?"

The Sophist and those around him look down at him with amusement.

But a few minutes later, something shocking happened.

Surprisingly, the sophists were debunked entirely by the older man.

Everyone was surprised because the Sophists were all knowledgeable and well-spoken people.

"Who are you?"

"I don't know," said the old man and left.

10)

He was the father of philosophy, Socrates, who greatly influenced later European thought.

Why did this man behave in such a strange way?

To understand, you must know something about ancient Greek "common sense".

B)

11)

Firstly, there was a sanctuary called the "Centre of the World" in ancient Greece.

This is the temple of Apollo, which used to be in Delphi.

There was an oracle, a place to receive words from the gods.

There were over 250 oracles in the Greek world at that time.

Of these, the oracle at Delphi was the most influential.

For example, when making important decisions that affected the fate of a country, such as war, it is said that they relied on this "Oracle of Delphi".

The words spoken by the Virgin of the Shrine become an oracle. The Oracle of Delphi is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Greece.

12)

Cailephon, one of Socrates' disciples, heard an oracle saying, "No one is wiser than Socrates," and passed it on to Socrates.

Although it was the word of God, Socrates was not convinced.

"I am ignorant and by no means the wisest man in the world!"

But God never lies. In other words, Socrates thought this oracle must have hidden some secret.

13)

And he went to meet the wise men of the world, talk to them and try to solve the mystery of this oracle.

This leads back to the earlier conversation with the Sophists.

It is said that the Sophists and everyone, regardless of age or social status, held discussions.

The method Socrates used in this discussion is called the question-and-answer method.

Dialogue, especially questioning, made me aware of the other person's contradictions, ignorance and the nature of things.

14)

What is love? What is courage? What is justice?

If you keep asking these questions, even the cleverest Sophist will get embarrassed and stop thinking.

In the end, Socrates made him realise his ignorance.

As I continued these activities, I realised that Socrates was also there.

"They were ignorant, and I am clueless.

The only difference between them and me is whether they know their ignorance."

In other words, is awareness of ignorance the real wisdom?

Was this the meaning of the Oracle at Delphi?

15)

However, Socrates' activities earned him the hatred of many people.

The people who interacted with Socrates were all prominent politicians and intellectuals.

They were embarrassed to be publicly refuted by Socrates.

Moreover, the performance was both entertainment and an aspiration for young people.

"Socrates is cool!"

And imitating Socrates became popular among young people.

Ironically, this led to criticism of the customs and morals of the city-state where they lived.

This led to even more hatred of Socrates.

16)

But Socrates continued.

He sought his philosophy in dialogue with people.

Of course, one day, he might get a grudge and be killed by someone.

But he couldn't stop.

-Activities received from the Oracle of Socrates

Socrates conducted his philosophical dialogues through oracles, which he interpreted as commands from God. As an activity to repay God's will, he could not stop this method.

17)

Another thing we need to know is the relationship between Socrates and God.

In Greek mythology, Zeus ruled the universe.

His son, the God of Light, Apollo

Poseidon, God of the sea and earthquakes

There are many gods according to their roles.

Ancient Greece was polytheistic.

Socrates, on the other hand, was a "monotheist".

It is said that something spiritual whispered in his ear and that he followed it every time.

The relationship between Socrates and God was complicated for the ancient Greeks of the time to understand.

18)

Socrates is finally accused.

His sins were divided into two main categories.

He is guilty of believing in his own God instead of the gods recognised by the state.

And the other is the sin of corrupting the young.

19)

But this is the official reason, and there is another political background.

I mentioned earlier that Athens lost a great battle called the "Peloponnesian War" with a rival nation called Sparta.

The man who led the battle was a student of Socrates.

When he realised his plan had failed, he betrayed his country and crossed it to Sparta.

In the end, Athens loses.

Furthermore, another student takes control of Athenian politics during the war.

This man has a reign of terror. He deliberately kills many innocent people and deports thousands.

20)

The students who leaked the strategy to Sparta or took the terror reign were ultimately killed.

But the Athenian politicians could not forgive their teacher, Socrates, for proudly telling the young people, "What is virtue?" or "What is goodness?"

"Socrates! Take your life and take responsibility for the defeat of our country and this corruption!"

In other words, the religious problem of being a monotheist, the social problem of corrupting the city's young people, and the political problem of bringing the nation into crisis, these problems are intertwined, and Socrates cannot live. Therefore, he is put in the ultimate position of dying.

C)

21)

And finally, the day of judgment came.

Many people came to the court, where a judge and 500 lay judges were prepared.

Socrates' disciples were also there.

Finally, Socrates appeared before the court.

He sat on the left of the dais.

On the right were the three accusers, Meletus, Anytus and Lykon.

Behind them were 500 judges and many other spectators in the courtroom.

22)

Now, the charges against Socrates are read out.

"Socrates did not believe in the gods recognised by the state and committed the injustice of teaching a new God, thereby corrupting the young.

The punishment demanded by the prosecutor is death."

There was a great outcry in the courtroom. The tension grew, and finally, Meletus, the representative of the accusers, appeared on the rostrum.

He was an ancient Greek poet and one of the Sophists.

Socrates had refuted him, humiliated in front of everyone and had a deep-seated grudge against him.

He's a Sophist, so he's good at arguing.

He argues for the death penalty for Socrates.

And finally: "This man is a criminal."

When he said this and left the podium, the courtroom was filled with thunderous applause.

23)

Then, the politician Anytus and the orator Lykon make speeches supporting Meletus.

The ancient Greek sophists.

As professionals in persuading people and winning their hearts, the atmosphere in the hall is such that "Socrates is already sentenced to death".

And the three accusers confidently took their seats.

24)

Meanwhile, Socrates is finally standing on the platform.

This scene is the beginning of the book. So, even if you read it suddenly, you won't be able to keep up with the story's urgency.

- The beginning of Socrates' calm apology

Socrates stands on the podium with a calm expression and begins to speak in ordinary language. He promises to tell the truth and declares that he intends to express in common language the garnished words of his accusers.

25)

Let us now listen to Socrates' defence.

What impression did you have when you heard their arguments?

With the thunderous applause and the beautifully dressed words, I forgot myself and listened intently.

But there was not a single truth in their words.

Among the many lies were "Socrates is a good talker" and "Don't be fooled".

If you listened to my defence, you would immediately realise that I am not talkative, but it is very impertinent to say that with such confidence.

This time, I will speak only the truth.

Of course, I will speak in my usual words, with which you are all familiar and not in the disguised terms of the accusers.

So, I want you all to consider whether my words are correct.

26)

My defence now concerns the "bad rumours" about me.

Malicious rumours are terrible.

They are spread from person to person and are difficult to undo.

On the contrary, truth and common sense replace the rumour in people's minds.

I understand that it will not be easy to remove such false rumours in such a short time.

27)

Earlier, Meletus accused me of the crime of Socrates misleading young people by teaching them how to make obscure theories appear superior.

In other words, because Meletus believes the nasty rumours from earlier, such words come out.

So what are the terrible rumours?

A wise man, Socrates, studied astronomy and geology and taught them for money.

He cheats and teaches how to cheat when asked a question and cannot answer.

Such a person is determined not to believe in God.

28)

This is a complete lie.

I have never taught astronomy or geology nor been paid for it.

So why have such strange rumours been spread about me?

It's because I have a certain "special wisdom".

People were jealous of that.

And don't take what I'm about to tell you as a joke.

I received an oracle in Delphi: "No one is wiser than Socrates.

I heard this from my disciple Chaelephon, also one of the witnesses.

29)

I pondered the meaning of this oracle for a long time and met with many wise men in this land.

And I asked, 'What is justice?' or 'What is the future?'

As a result, they became aware of their ignorance and became resentful.

And since the young people who imitated my arguments had also made the adults aware of their ignorance and humiliated them, they spread the plausible rumour that Socrates had corrupted and corrupted the young people.

So Meletus, to get rid of me, got the politicians and orators to work behind the scenes and dragged me before the court.

This is the truth!

That's my excuse for all the nasty rumours.

D)

30)

Next, I would like to explain the "false accusation" of Meletus!

First, to clear up the accusations against him, Socrates said that he did not believe in the state-approved Gods but taught another god-like person, corrupted young people and committed injustice.

But I want to say that Meletus is the one who is cheating.

I will now show you that it is true!

Meletus, don't just sit there; come over here.

And obey the law and be honest in what you say.

31)

Meletus presented the lie like a liar, with clean words and skilful argumentation and groundwork.

Socrates, on the other hand, says nothing special. He's just telling the truth.

It's a simple structure.

The duel between Socrates and Meletus finally begins. Let's continue.

32)

All right, Mr Meletus.

How can you make a good man out of a young man? There seems to be a lot of interest here. Is that right?

Meltos answers quietly. "Exactly."

Socrates continues.

You have summoned me to this court because I have corrupted the young.

Now tell me about the opposite of corruption, the person who guides young people in a good direction.

I know you know, so could you tell me what you think?

33)

Meltos is silent here.

So Socrates immediately unleashes a verbal attack.

What's the matter, Meletus?

You've been very quiet, haven't you?

If you don't say a word, people will discover that you don't care about young people's futures.

Meletus replied bitterly, "The law!"

34)

To this, Socrates said with an astonished face:

No, my good friend!

I am asking you about a man.

Now answer me again. Who is the person who leads the young to goodness?

Meletus, whose face was beginning to show impatience, cried out loudly.

"The judges over there!"

35)

Socrates looked at the judges and said," Well, this is wonderful.

Because so many people are guiding young people in a good direction.

What about the politicians?"

Meletus said triumphantly, "Of course, even politicians are sure to guide young people in a good direction!"

Meletus, the more he talks, the more he gets tangled up in his own words.

Socrates then delivers the final blow.

36)

Meletus! Could you tell me something about the training of horses?

Good horses are trained by skilled trainers, who are rare.

Conversely, if many people with little knowledge of horses train horses, they cannot prepare good horses.

Is your theory that it takes many people to raise a good horse and one person like me to ruin it?

Which is right? Mr Meletus.

Is it not the same with horses as other animals, let alone people?

Do you think that one person can corrupt young people and that most others can raise them well?!

This is clear. Mr Meletus.

You have no interest in educating young people to begin with.

Now I know that your words are lies. So, let's move on to the next question.

-Socrates vs. Meletus: The Battle of Truth and Lies

Socrates exposes the contradiction in his claims by showing that Meletus is lying and not serious about educating the young. While Meletus argues that judges and politicians lead young people to goodness, Socrates uses the example of horse trainers to show that a few experts produce good results.

37)

After this, Meletus claims that Socrates is "guilty!"

However, Meletus' original accusation was that Socrates was corrupting the young by teaching them the existence of another god.

Socrates replied that he didn't understand why he was teaching another god when he was an atheist.

Your accusations are nonsense, aren't they? In an instant, Socrates pointed out Meletus' contradiction.

When Meletus said this, his face turned red, and he returned to his seat.

From now on, it is Socrates' monopoly.

He doesn't lie and justifies what he thinks.

38)

I think everyone has understood that the content of the accusation made by Meletus is just a lie.

But you may think that Socrates will be killed because of this.

But don't worry. I'm not afraid of death.

Because "fearing death" is the same as believing you're a wise man when you're not.

Because nobody here has ever experienced death.

Maybe death is for the best.

39)

Yet people fear death as the worst and greatest calamity.

You don't know, but you think you do.

I never fear an unknown death.

Even if you want me to stop the activities I've been doing in the city as a condition for acquitting me and releasing me, I refuse!

Because it is a command from God.

No matter how often I am killed, I have no intention of changing my way of life.

E)

40)

It touches my heart that he does not change his way of life, even though he is between life and death.

Besides, I don't know how to die. That's why I'm not afraid of death. That's also strong.

He followed his philosophy on death, the most feared by human beings.

But his justification does not end there.

It is after this that the ironic Socratic clause explodes.

The atmosphere in the courtroom changes again.

Let's continue.

41)

You may be angry at what I am about to say, but let me say it anyway.

My defence is actually for you, for the sake of the nation.

Because I am a "gift" sent by God to this country.

-Socrates is a gift sent to the country

He claims that Socrates was a gift sent to this country by God and that to execute him is tantamount to disrespecting God's blessing.

42)

So far, I have inspired and awakened you with the power of words.

If you believe my words, you better take care of me.

And let me tell you something else. I'm not a teacher of anybody; it's just comparing ideas while asking and answering with the opponent.

But the accusation is that I taught the young people and corrupted them.

First of all, I have never taught you anything.

Fortunately, this court is full of people I know.

Many have asked and answered together.

If my words and deeds have harmed people and say they or someone in their family has been corrupted, please tell me now.

43)

Look! No one comes out!

Even if they were thanked, there would be no way for anyone to claim the damage.

But I'm not one to plead my innocence.

I will wait quietly for your judgement.

This is my justification.

44)

Finally, here is the final vote.

500 judges.

And then the judges will vote.

The secretary will read out the results.

Not Guilty 221 votes

Guilty, 280 votes

Guilty Socrates!

By a whopping 59 votes difference, he was found guilty.

However, according to the trial rules, this is not a verdict, and if the person admits guilt and expresses remorse, the sentence will be reduced. But given Socrates' character and how the trial has gone so far, would he say such a thing?

And the presiding judge urges Socrates to stand again on this conviction.

What is Socrates' excuse?

45)

Gentlemen, I am neither angry nor surprised by this verdict of guilty. I'd expected it.

But I was surprised that the difference between guilty and innocent was so slight.

Meletus brought this case to court with the help of politicians and influential people like Aritosu and Lykon.

Still, how would it have been if there had only been that much 'difference' in the trial?

Meletus would have been more likely to pay a heavy fine for initiating a false trial.

Meletus wants my death penalty, but what kind of punishment and compensation should I receive?

What kind of punishment should I receive for having worked to improve the character of the nation?

Let me be clear.

I deserve a reward, not punishment.

In other words, please give me a sumptuous meal like those eaten by men of national merit.

46)

This is not a word of my arrogance.

I have never treated anyone with malice.

Many people here may wish me to leave Athens and live quietly somewhere on the frontier.

But it is a wish so tricky that it can be said impossible.

What about the future? Talking to people about what is profitable.

It's what I love most and what makes me happy.

47)

This is the end of Socrates' second passionate defence, and here comes the final vote.

Even though he was found guilty, instead of admitting his guilt, he sarcastically provoked the judges in the court by saying that he would never change his way of life.

How did his disciples feel when they heard the apology of their teacher, Socrates?

The disciples are said to have prepared many silver coins to save the penniless Socrates.

He may have admitted his sin and wanted to live, even if it was a lie.

The final judgement, the second judgement of such a beloved teacher, is about to take place.

The clerk will read the verdict.

Guilty 361 votes

Not guilty 140 votes

With a trembling voice, the presiding judge pronounces.

Socrates is condemned to death.

It was the result that everyone in the room had expected.

And Socrates makes his last defence against his death sentence.

F)

48)

My death sentence has been passed.

I'm an old man whose death will come even if I leave him alone.

What is it that I lack?

It is an evil heart.

-The difficulty of escaping an evil mind

Socrates says he cannot lie because he has no evil heart. He believes many ways exist to escape death, but running an evil mind is much more challenging.

It is said that the words of a man about to die speak the truth.

Let me say this to those of you who have been declared 'guilty'!

From now on, in the name of Zeus, you will be punished worse than death.

After my death, many young people will appear before you as if to carry out my will.

Their words will be harsher than mine and will cause even more trouble.

49)

And to all those who have given me 'not guilty' verdicts!

You are the actual judges.

This judgement is not bad for me, but rather a good thing.

Death is exciting when it's like passing from this world to the next.

I have many dear friends and would like to talk to those who have been put to death for the exact dishonourable charges as mine.

Also, it would be great if I could do the same kind of question and answer in the afterlife as I did in this world!

Since I was dead from the beginning, I didn't have to worry about being hated or killed.

Death is never a bad thing.

Don't be afraid, have hope.

50)

And after my death, take care of my remaining family, my sons.

If they are more blinded by 'career' and 'money' than by human virtue, if they have no value and show a one-cornered human attitude, then I would like you to question and chastise my sons more than I did.

That is my wish.

Now it's time. To end.

For me to die, for you to live.

No one knows who will have the better fate.

G)

51)

This is the end of The Apology of Socrates.

You think it ends here, right?

As I told you, The Apology of Socrates is the second story.

There are number three of Crito, number four of Phaedo　and sequels.

The work Crito is about Socrates, who is in prison, and his friend Crito comes to his rescue.

Crito is a childhood friend who grew up in the same neighbourhood as Socrates and was the same age.

Dialogue between Socrates and Crito.

52)

If I let you die like this, all of us, my friends and disciples, will be considered heartless.

If you pay them the money, we can escape from here. Socrates ran away!

With this in mind, Crito comes to Socrates out of breath.

But Socrates reacts very coolly.

Crito, I'm glad he's all right, thank you.

But don't worry about what these people think or the world thinks.

The important thing is not just to live but to live well.

It's about living right, and it's about living beautifully.

Is it right, then, to escape without this Athenian permission?

If I leave this world like this, I will be the victim of an unfair trial, but if I break the law and become a deserter, I will answer injustice with injustice. So it's no use trying to convince me.

And Crito is so refuted by Socrates that he can't say anything more and leaves.

53)

On the other hand, it's Phaedo from Book 4.

After Socrates' death, Phaedo, one of Socrates' disciples, tells the last story of Socrates.

Socrates' death deeply saddens the disciples.

Socrates, on the other hand, welcomes his death positively and joyfully.

For Socrates, death is not the end but the soul's release from the body.

For Socrates, the soul never dies.

52)

Finally, Socrates asks his childhood friend Crito to bring him poison.

He says the sun has not yet set, so there's no need to hurry.

But he asks me to bring it to him at once.

He had the executioner brought in with a cup of ground poison.

And Socrates happily took it, prayed to God and drank it without hesitation.

That's the story.

53)

And a painting called "The Death of Socrates" depicts this moment.

On the right are the grieving disciples and companions.

On the left is Plato, looking down as if he can't see any more.

In the middle is Socrates, who raises his left hand to a point and grasps the cup of poison more forcefully than anyone else.

"I have no regrets in my life!" It's a picture like that.

But when it comes to the fact that Socrates, who is trying to return to heaven in such a spectacular way, has left something tangible in our world, he has left nothing behind.

54)

His disciple Plato left living evidence, such as a book about Socrates and a university prototype called "Academia".

The same goes for Aristotle, a disciple of Plato who has been called "the father of all sciences".

He left many books, such as the "Nicomachean Ethics", and founded the "Lyceum" university.

Socrates, on the other hand, did not leave a single letter.

It is said that he never wrote a single letter.

"I know nothing. I am aware of it". He just said that.

Was Socrates just saying, "Everybody, let's be humble"?

55)

He wasn't that.

- The attitude of the wise man and the influence of Socrates

Socrates believed that the perspective of a wise man was to ask questions and to keep thinking rather than just coming up with an answer, and he realised that such an attitude would lead to the growth of humanity and nations. As a result, his way of thinking greatly influenced later generations and contributed to the development of modern science.

He challenged the fiction of religion and created 'modern science'.

Socrates left nothing tangible.

But more than any other, he was an influential philosopher.

56)

And one more thing I would like to draw attention to is Socrates' way of life.

Usually, people instinctively feel "fear" of what they do not know or cannot predict.

What do you do if your first choice doesn't work out?

What should I do if my job change fails?

Everyone should have this experience.

But Socrates was different.

If he continues this activity, he may be in danger in the city.

What if he is tried and sentenced to death?

57)

He thought nothing of it.

Why should he be afraid of a world he has not seen and does not know?

Instead, I do what I want to do, what I think and what I believe.

I'm determined to fulfil my destiny.

Between life and death, he had the strength to say so.

That's why I think he was able to make "his spirits" and "his life" shine so brightly.

In this sense, I want to take on a new challenge with this work.

For those who want to change their thinking, now is the time to pick up this book.

If you haven't read The Apology of Socrates yet, try it.

Every time you read a book, there should be discoveries you didn't know you had.

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Q1: Couldn't Socrates have asked the sages of time in a different and better way? For example, how to guide the correct answer in a way that does not hurt the honour or self-esteem of the other party?

Asking questions and arguing honestly is not always the right thing to do. Socrates knew that one day he would be jealous and hated and killed.

But instead of changing his ways, he died in compliance with the death sentence. It could be said that it is graceful, but wouldn't there be a way to live longer and better if a wise man knew "the wisdom of ignorance"? What do you think?

A1-> Socrates could have asked questions more diplomatically to avoid hurting others' honour or self-esteem. However, his approach aimed to expose ignorance and promote critical thinking. While this made him unpopular and ultimately led to his death sentence, he stayed true to his values. It's possible that Socrates could have lived longer using "the wisdom of ignorance," but this would have meant compromising his principles and the pursuit of truth.

Q2: Cailephon, one of Socrates' disciples, heard an oracle saying, "No one is wiser than Socrates," and passed it on to Socrates. But Socrates said, "I am ignorant and by no means the wisest man in the world!"

You said that his approach aimed to expose ignorance and promote critical thinking.

Why did Socrates go for that?

If God called Socrates a wise man, he knew that he would be of no use in arguing with someone who was not a living wise man, right? For example, didn't he read old books and research history and culture?

A2-> Socrates adopted his approach of exposing ignorance and promoting critical thinking because he believed in the pursuit of truth and wisdom. When he heard about the oracle's proclamation, he was initially puzzled as he was aware of his ignorance. He then sought to find someone wiser than himself to prove the oracle wrong, which led him to engage in dialogues with various people.

Through these dialogues, Socrates realised that many people claimed to know but often lacked true wisdom. His questioning helped reveal this ignorance, and he concluded that his awareness made him wiser than others.

Socrates focused on engaging in conversations and challenging assumptions rather than relying on books or historical research. He believed wisdom could be gained through active questioning and critical thinking instead of passively accepting established ideas. This approach made Socrates a pioneer in philosophy and contributed to his lasting impact on future generations.

Q3: Socrates asked many questions to find someone more intelligent than him. However, I think he knew that sarcastically asking the question or making a mockery of it would provoke antipathy.

Couldn't he have asked for teaching while respecting and caring more about the other person?

Or why couldn't he join the sages and explore what it means to be wise?

A3-> Socrates could have adopted a more respectful and considerate approach while conversing. However, his primary goal was to stimulate critical thinking and reveal the hidden ignorance in others. Socrates believed that by questioning and challenging the beliefs of others, he could help them gain a deeper understanding of their knowledge and wisdom.

As for joining the sages and exploring the nature of wisdom, it is essential to remember that Socrates' philosophy emphasised the importance of self-reflection and questioning one's beliefs. He may have felt that joining the sages would limit his ability to remain independent and challenge established ideas.

In summary, while Socrates could have been more respectful and considerate in his approach, his method was ultimately aimed at promoting critical thinking and self-reflection. His unique approach to philosophy has left a lasting impact on the field and contributed to modern science and necessary thinking development.

Q4: You said that it is essential to remember that Socrates' philosophy emphasised the importance of self-reflection and questioning one's beliefs.

It's important to realise that what you thought was right might not be correct, or what you believed might be wrong.

However, knowing that someone has pushed you into it hurts your self-esteem.

What other methods could Socrates adopt?

For example, how about having a large audience watch Socrates arguing with his best friend's sages and his students of equal rank?

Without hurting anyone, many people might have been able to change their way of thinking or become aware of themselves, just like they did.

A4-> Socrates could have employed alternative methods to encourage self-reflection and questioning beliefs without hurting others' self-esteem. As you suggested, one such way could be engaging in public debates or discussions with sages and students of equal rank. By doing so, a larger audience could witness various perspectives and arguments, potentially inspiring them to reevaluate their beliefs and promote critical thinking.

Another approach could be using hypothetical scenarios or thought experiments to explore different ideas and their consequences. Focusing on hypothetical situations makes the conversation less personal and aggressive, allowing participants to examine their beliefs more objectively.

Additionally, Socrates could have adopted a more collaborative approach, working together with others to explore and question ideas instead of challenging them directly. This way, participants could feel more comfortable pursuing wisdom, as they would be part of a collective effort rather than being singled out for their ignorance.

These alternative methods could have allowed Socrates to promote critical thinking and self-reflection less aggressively, potentially leading to more open and productive dialogues.

Q5: Socrates' critical thinking and questioning approach greatly impacted future generations and significantly shaped modern science.

First, you are an excellent teacher in elementary school.

What do you explain in your class about "Socrates' questioning approach?" Then, please make your plot for your school class simple and easy.

A5-> As an elementary school teacher, I would explain Socrates' questioning approach engagingly. So here's a potential lesson plan:

1. Introduction to Socrates:

Briefly introduce Socrates as an ancient Greek philosopher who loved asking questions to help people think critically and learn.

Mention that his unique approach is known as the "Socratic method."

2. Understanding the Socratic method:

Explain that the Socratic method involves asking questions to challenge assumptions and beliefs.

Emphasise that it helps people discover their understanding and knowledge.

3. Activity – "Socrates' Questions":

Divide students into pairs or small groups.

Provide each group with a simple statement or opinion (e.g., "It is important always to tell the truth").

Instruct students to take turns asking questions to explore and challenge the statement, just like Socrates would do.

4. Discussion:

After the activity, have a group discussion on the questions asked and the insights gained.

Please encourage students to share their experiences using the Socratic method and discuss how it helped them think more deeply about the topic.

5. Importance of critical thinking:

Explain that critical thinking is essential in daily life and helps us make better decisions and solve problems.

Connect the Socratic method to the development of critical thinking skills.

6. Conclusion:

Summarise the lesson by highlighting the importance of asking questions, thinking critically, and learning from Socrates' approach.

Encourage students to practice the Socratic method daily to foster curiosity and critical thinking.

This simple lesson plan introduces Socrates' questioning approach and allows students to experience the Socratic method firsthand, promoting critical thinking and curiosity in a fun and engaging way.

Q6: Give a concrete example of "3. Activity – "Socrates' Questions":" Give some good questions.

A6-> For the "Socrates' Questions" activity, let's take the example statement: "It is important always to tell the truth." Here are some excellent questions that students can ask to explore and challenge this statement using the Socratic method:

1. Why is it important to tell the truth?

2. Are there any situations where telling the truth might be harmful or hurtful?

3. Is it ever okay to tell a lie? Why or why not?

4. How do we know when something is true or false?

5. What are the consequences of not telling the truth?

6. How does telling the truth affect our relationships with others?

7. Can you think of an example where someone lied for a good reason?

These questions encourage students to think more deeply about the statement and its implications, helping them better understand the complexities of truth-telling and the importance of critical thinking.

Q7: "1. Why is it important to tell the truth?" is an excellent question.

Please allow me to repeat this follow-up answer and question five times. Please also state your thoughts as a result of the question and answer.

A7-> Sure, here's a sample dialogue using the Socratic method with the follow-up answers and questions:

Q: Why is it important to tell the truth?

A: Telling the truth is essential because it helps build trust between people.

Q: Why is trust important in relationships?

A: Trust is essential because it allows people to rely on each other and feel secure in their interactions.

Q: What happens when trust is broken in a relationship?

A: When trust is broken, people may feel betrayed, hurt, or disappointed, and it can damage or even end the relationship.

Q: Can trust be rebuilt once it has been broken? If so, how?

A: Yes, trust can be rebuilt through open communication, honesty, and demonstrating consistent reliability over time.

Q: Are there any situations where telling the truth might not be the best way to maintain trust?

A: There could be situations where telling a small, harmless lie or withholding information might protect someone's feelings or prevent unnecessary conflict, but it's essential to consider the consequences and potential harm carefully.

As a result of this question-and-answer dialogue, we can see that telling the truth is essential because it helps build and maintain trust in relationships. However, it's also necessary to consider the potential consequences and balance the need for honesty with preserving harmony in relationships. The Socratic method encourages us to think critically about the complexities of truth-telling and its impact on trust and relationships.

//Postscript//

1)

Can we die for our beliefs and ideals?

2)

Even if it were possible, what would it mean?

3)

What have we learned from the deaths of Socrates and Yukio Mishima?

4)

Can we live without despair and pessimism?

5)

What do you think we should value in our lives?

6)

Do we have an obligation to follow all the rules and laws of our culture and society, even if we think they are unfair or unjust?

"The Apology of Socrates" by Plato - The art of living only once without regret.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qr5HvcedzA&t=14s

[History of Western Philosophy 1] Doubt the common sense of the times!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kKzyO1Wykb0&t=400s

[History of Western Philosophy 2] From God to Man Christianity and Western Philosophy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujElbe6nox4

[History of Western Philosophy 3] How to live in modern society? what is happiness

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxcGi4HiAaY