The truth of quantum mechanics surprised Einstein - Does this world exist?

アインシュタインも驚愕した量子力学が明かす、この世界の真実に迫ります。実はこの世界は実在しないかもしれないという説について、量子力学の視点から解説します。実在しないとされる世界について、どのような理論が存在し、どのように理解されているのか。アインシュタインの考えと量子力学の関係についても触れながら、この世界に対する新たな理解を得るための動画です。ぜひ、最後までご覧いただき、科学の世界の奥深さに触れてみてください。(English) We approach the truth of this world revealed by quantum mechanics, which surprised even Einstein. I will explain the theory that this world may not exist from the viewpoint of quantum mechanics. What theories exist about the world that should not live, and how is it understood? It is a video to gain a new understanding of this world while touching on the relationship between Einstein's ideas and quantum mechanics. By all means, please watch until the end and feel the depth of the world of science.

The truth of quantum mechanics surprised Einstein - Does this world exist?

//Summary -Level-C2//

Physics, especially quantum mechanics, challenges our understanding of reality. Quantum mechanics, a field that studies the world at the scale of atoms and electrons, introduces concepts such as the uncertainty principle and probabilistic existence that contradict our everyday experience. The uncertainty principle states that it's impossible to determine an object's position and speed simultaneously, while probabilistic existence suggests that an object's future state can only be predicted, not determined. These concepts challenge the notion of an object's existence and lead to the unresolved problem of interpreting quantum mechanics. Despite over a century of study, humanity has yet to resolve these issues, which could potentially bring civilisation to a new level of understanding.

//Summary -Level-B2//

Quantum mechanics, the study of the atomic and electron scales, introduces concepts that challenge our understanding of reality. The uncertainty principle suggests it's impossible to simultaneously determine an object's position and velocity, while probabilistic existence implies that an object's future state can only be predicted. These concepts challenge the presence of things and lead to the unsolved problem of interpreting quantum mechanics. Despite over a century of study, these questions remain unanswered and may hold the key to a new understanding of civilisation.

//Summary -Level-A2//

Quantum mechanics is a science that studies tiny things like atoms. It has some strange ideas. One is that we can't know precisely where something is and how fast it's moving simultaneously. Another is that things don't have a fixed place or speed until we look at them. These ideas make us wonder if things exist when we're not looking. Even clever people like Einstein found this hard to understand. We're still trying to determine if the world we see is real.

1)

Smartphones, Television, Cars, Trains, and Aeroplanes All his creations are based on his knowledge of physics.

We were almost entirely driven by physics, which is essential to modern life.

Speaking of physicists from ancient times, Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, Heisenberg, Schrödinger and Einstein are all minds that have always been on the edge of human intelligence.

2)

According to an American study, the group with the highest IQ in the world are physicists. There is a problem that the most substantial brain group of humanity has been struggling with for more than 100 years and has not yet been able to solve.

It's a problem of interpretation of quantum mechanics. The issue of interpreting quantum mechanics leads to the question of what the world is and whether it exists.

This time I will explain in an easy-to-understand way the outlines of the mysterious world of quantum mechanics and whether the world born from it exists. First, I would like to ask you a question.

3)

Does it exist in the world in which we live? Does it exist in the world that unfolds before our eyes? Or is it just a virtual reality?

Let's say you have a white ball in front of you. Can you say that its balls exist?

You would answer: Whether the ball exists or not is whether he has touched it with his hand. If he can handle it, it exists; if not, it does not. I could reach out and touch the ball. So the ball exists.

4)

That's the best answer. So let's ask him this question.

Does this feeling exist? He uses the example of colour to show that our world is inaccurate.

Let's talk a little bit about colour. Colour means light. Light is a kind of electromagnetic wave, and electromagnetic waves have wave properties. Therefore, light also has wave properties.

5)

Waves have different wavelengths, and the wave properties change at the wavelength's cost.

These differences in wavelength cause colours.

So each colour is a type of light with its wavelength.

For example, red is long-wavelength light, and blue is short-wavelength light.

Humans have cells that convert light into colour when it hits our eyes, converting it into red, green and blue.

6)

By mixing these three colours, humans can also see other colours.

For example, when light with a wavelength of 187 nanometres hits our eyes, we see it as yellow. Similarly, if light with a wavelength of 787 nanometres hits us, we can perceive it as red. Based on the above, is the world we see the real world? We explain the problem.

7)

For example, if light with a wavelength of 587 nanometres enters our eyes and comes towards us, we perceive it as yellow.

But if you mix green and red, you get yellow.

In the same way, if green and red wavelengths of light enter our eyes at the same time, they mix, and we see yellow.

We say we cannot distinguish whether the yellow we perceive is the yellow that originally existed or the yellow created by mixing.

8)

Even more mysterious is the colour white.

The colour white is a mixture of all colours.

So white is red, blue and green at the same time.

White is the colour that can be made by mixing all the colours. Therefore, the original white is a colour that does not exist in nature and only exists in a form created by combining our human eyes.

9)

But these are human stories.

For example, birds have cells that change into four colours, unlike humans.

In other words, humans and birds see different colours in their world.

Other animals with cells that change into two colours would see a different world than humans and birds.

The world we perceive as it is is in no way a reflection of the world itself.

10)

Quantum mechanics is the stage for the scientific clarification of these stories.

I will explain what quantum mechanics is in the first place.

The matter that exists in this universe has different sizes.

In physics, size is called scale.

11)

When it comes to familiar scales, the first thing that comes to mind is the human being.

Humans are roughly on a scale of 1 to 2 metres.

Let's take a look at his large scale first.

The second largest scale after man is the Earth.

The Earth is 10 million metres, on a scale of 10 to the 7th power.

If the Earth is the size of a man, a man is the size of his coronavirus.

12)

Then fly into space.

The solar system's scale is 1 trillion metres or 10 to the 12th power.

Moreover, the galaxy is an unimaginable size of his scale of teenage metres, 10 to the 20th power.

Finally, the size of the universe from end to end is on a scale of 10 to the 24th power, which is 1000 times larger than the Milky Way.

13)

So let's look at it on a scale smaller than that of a human being.

Looking first at a human cell, its scale for a cell is 10 to the negative power.

Next, if you look at the atoms, which are the substances that make up the cell, the scale of the particles is 10 to the negative 10th power.

And finally, the scale of an electron in the substance that makes up the electron is a tiny world of 10 to the power of -15.

How are atoms different from other atoms? He said that if an electron were the size of an apple, the atom would be the size of the Earth.

14)

This is the size difference between electrons and atoms.

Can you imagine the size of an electron?

Quantum mechanics is a field of study that examines the world on the scale of electrons and atoms.

Quantum mechanics began in the second half of the 1800s, and apart from the problem of interpretation, it was a physical theory completed in the 1920s.

However, there are non-routine and counter-intuitive concepts that even experts find difficult to understand.

15)

These are the uncertainty principle and the concept of probabilistic existence.

Their existence raises problems of interpretation.

In our everyday world, it is evident that objects always have definite values of position and speed.

For example, the position and speed of a person walking can always be measured. Furthermore, you can always measure where you stand and how fast you move.

16)

But in the world of atomic-electron scales, it is theoretically impossible to determine position and velocity values at the same time.

Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle is the rule that position and velocity cannot be determined simultaneously.

It is one of the main pillars of quantum mechanics.

17)

We develop a mysterious theorem if we go further with this uncertainty limit. This is the "NO-GO theorem".

It says that the value of an object's position, speed, etc., can never have a deal until we observe and determine it.

18)

For example, imagine a ball flying at a certain speed, and you want to measure its speed.

In our everyday life, the ball always has some speed, even before we observe it and get an outstanding value for its speed.

But the ball has no speed in quantum mechanics until we determine its rate.

19)

It's a world so strange it's hard to imagine.

But that is not the only surprise.

Next, I will explain the concept of probabilistic existence.

If you hit an object of average size with a force of a certain magnitude in a specific direction at a certain angle, you can calculate from the laws of mechanics where and how fast it will fly.

In other words, the laws of mechanics can predict an object's future.

20)

But this isn't the case with electrons.

Even when electrons are launched with the same force and at the same angle, they sometimes fly straight, diagonally and sometimes in the opposite direction.

In other words, in the electronic world, the position and speed of an object can only be predicted probabilistically, and we can only know its place and rate after observing it.

So what is reality?

Let's logically assume that the object exists.

21)

If an object exists, it must exist somewhere in it.

It means that the thing has a positional value independent of our observations.

Therefore, if an object exists, it can be said that the position of the object has a fixed value in advance.

22)

But according to quantum mechanics, positions and velocities have no value until we observe an object.

Logically, an object can always have a position or velocity value if it exists. In reality, however, quantum mechanics has denied the part about always having position and velocity values.

23)

This means that the part where the object exists is also denied.

In other words, the concept of the existence of things has collapsed.

Does this mean that there are no objects in this world?

If so, what is this world really like?

This problem of interpreting reality is called the "problem of interpreting quantum mechanics".

This is still an unsolved problem for humanity, and there is no answer.

24)

Most physicists are sceptical about this interpretation problem: Do objects exist other than when observed? I say I don't think about it.

In other words, I think it's enough to calculate according to the equation.

But physicists did not receive this attitude well when quantum mechanics was created.

25)

Einstein also rejected this view.

The physical theory that the position of an object can only be predicted probabilistically is incomplete. If there is something we have not discovered, and if we can introduce it into the theory, then the probability problem will indeed be solved. Nature, he said, should not bring probabilities into reality.

26)

This is the meaning of the famous saying, "God does not play dice".

However, Einstein's words were in vain; physics progressed, and today's physics does not enter into the question of reality.

Is the world authentic? Is it possible to develop a theory that describes this world?

Even today, more than 100 years after the birth of quantum mechanics, humanity is still at a standstill on these questions.

One day, when humanity has solved these problems, this civilisation will move on to the next stage. We can only hope so.

The truth of quantum mechanics surprised Einstein - Does this world exist? 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tGJylLg83JE

Add info NO1)

Once the "creator", Can the first quantum computer be brought back?

https://mainichi.jp/articles/20230424/k00/00m/040/075000c

RIKEN has developed the first domestically produced quantum computer capable of instantaneously performing enormous calculations, and it has begun to be used on the Internet cloud. As development competition intensifies worldwide, can Japan, which is lagging, show its presence?

"We are sending orders from here and reading the results." The first domestically produced machine went into operation at the RIKEN Quantum Computer Research Center in Wako City, Saitama Prefecture, on March 27. Center Director Yasunobu Nakamura, who led the development, gave a demonstration on the day using a personal computer.

The basic unit of computer calculation is the "bit", which represents 0 and 1. Conventional computers can only be in either state, but the qubits used in quantum computers have the property of being in both conditions simultaneously.

For example, if there are 2 bits, there are four types of "00", "01", "10", and "11", but quantum computers can process them all at once. As the number of qubits increases, the performance increases exponentially, and it is said that the computing power far surpasses that of supercomputers.

In 1999, when he was a researcher at NEC, Mr Nakamura was the "creator" of the world's first quantum bit. There are various types of quantum computers, but the one that Nakamura worked on this time is the "gate method," which is said to be theoretically versatile.

It uses superconductivity, which loses electrical resistance at shallow temperatures and is equipped with a 64-qubit chip. There are some defects and only 53 qubits work, but it still surpasses the existing gate method in Japan (made by IBM, 27 qubits).

Add info NO2) 

When did the development of quantum computers begin?

https://xtech.nikkei.com/atcl/nxt/column/18/01901/00028/

The idea of quantum computers dates back to the keynote speech at the 1981 Physics and Computing Conference, in which Professor Richard Feynman, a Nobel laureate in physics. The professor argued that ordinary computers have limitations in simulating quantum behaviour and that a computer that follows the principles of quantum mechanics is needed.

"Nature is not classical (mechanical). If you want to simulate it, you should use a method based on quantum mechanics." It seems that he blurted out "dammit" between sentences.

Quantum computers have evolved around the minds of geniuses like Professor Feynman. What started as a mere wish to realisation steps towards realisation in 1985 with a foundational theory published by David Deutsch.

In 1994, Peter Shore announced an algorithm factorisation-speed prime factorisation using a quantum computer. Quantum computers suddenly came into the limelight when it was found that they could be used to decipher codes. Furthermore, 1995, a theory of error correction, regarded as a cry of quantum computers, also appeared. All of this happened without any hardware.

The first hardware appeared in 1999. This is a superconducting qubit developed by Professor Yasunobu Nakamura, who is currently affiliated with the University of Tokyo, and Professor Cho-Shin Tsai, who is also currently affiliated with the Tokyo University of Science when they were at NEC.

Subsequent development did not necessarily go smoothly, and as of 2022, the actual device with over 100 qubits has finally appeared. Running Shore's 1994 algorithm will have to wait for error-correcting quantum computers, which will arrive after the late 2020s. In the meantime, more than 30 years. It took me so long to grow up and have my child.